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Paleontology in Alabama refers to paleontological research occurring within or conducted by people from the U.S. state of Alabama. Pennsylvanian plant fossils are common, especially around coal mines. During the early Paleozoic, Alabama was at least partially covered by a sea that would end up being home to creatures including brachiopods, bryozoans, corals, and graptolites. During the Devonian the local seas deepened and local wildlife became scarce due to their decreasing oxygen levels. Life became more abundant early in the Carboniferous. Later in the period richly vegetated swamps spread across the state. The amphibians that lived there left behind one of the greatest abundance of fossil footprints from this age known anywhere in the world. A gap in the local rock record spanned the Permian period. During the Triassic the state experienced rifting as Pangaea broke apart. Later, during the Cretaceous, the state was again partially submerged by seawater, where marine vertebrates flourished. On land the state was home to subtropical forests. The sea covering southern Alabama remained in place during the early part of the Cenozoic era. Marine invertebrates and primitive whales lived there. The climate cooled and the seas withdrew until the Ice Age when Alabama was home to mammoths, mastodons, and giant ground sloths. Major fossil discoveries in the state's history include the 1842 discovery of the early whale ''Basilosaurus'', and a later 1961 discovery of more remains from the same species. The Eocene whale ''Basilosaurus cetoides'' is the Alabama state fossil. ==Prehistory== No Precambrian fossils are known from Alabama. As such, the state's fossil record does not start until the Paleozoic. By the Late Cambrian the state was covered in a warm shallow sea. A rich fauna inhabited this sea. An episode of geologic activity called the Taconic Orogeny uplifted mountains in the state during the Late Ordovician. Sediments eroded away from these mountains are the source of those in the local Ordovician marine deposits.〔 Ordovician life of Alabama included brachiopods, bryozoans, corals, and graptolites.〔 The same erosional and depositional processes continued on through the ensuing Silurian period. During the Devonian period the local seas deepened and their oxygen levels dropped. Fossils from this time period are rare in Alabama because the low oxygen conditions excluded most life forms from the local waters.〔 Life became abundant once more in the local waters during the Mississippian epoch of the Carboniferous period.〔 The name Carboniferous means "coal-bearing". This period has been nicknamed the "age of amphibians" or the "age of coal swamps". During the Mississippian, carbonate rocks were being deposited in the state that would preserve many contemporary life forms as fossils.〔 The Mississippian marine life of Alabama included blastoids, brachiopods, bryozoans, corals, and crinoids.〔 Alabama was as swampy as the nickname of the Carboniferous period would suggest from the Late Mississippian into the Pennsylvanian.〔 During the ensuing Pennsylvanian epoch the same sediments eroded from the mountains had formed an expansive coastal plain.〔 The Black Warrior Basin of Alabama preserves evidence for ancient Carboniferous swamps.〔 The rich plant life of these swamps would be preserved in great detail and abundance in the northern part of the state.〔 Early trees and plants resembling ferns grew there. This vegetation left behind great coal deposits.〔 This region also has the largest and most diverse fossil tracksites from this time period in the world.〔 Sediments were eroded away from Alabama rather than deposited during the Permian period, so there are no local rocks from this time period.〔 Alabama experienced rifting during the Triassic period of the Mesozoic era due to the breakup of Pangaea. The valleys formed by the rifts had filled with seawater by the Jurassic period. During the Late Cretaceous Alabama was partially covered by seawater once more.〔 A wide variety of different animals lived in this sea. The oysters ''Exogyra'' and ''Gryphaea'' were preserved in great abundance during the Cretaceous period.〔 Cretaceous life also included cephalopods, corals, and gastropods.〔 When Alabama's Mooreville Chalk was deposited the area was home to protostegid turtles and the shark ''Cretoxyrhina mantelli'', which fed on them. Sometimes the shark's feeding activities would leave physical evidence on the turtle's bones that would be preserved when they fossilized.〔 Other Alabaman sharks included the genus ''Squalicorax'', which also commonly left behind tooth tips embedded in the bones of animals it fed on. Broken ''Squalicorax'' crowns have been found embedded in the bones of mosasaurs and even a young hadrosaur.〔 One kind of turtle that lived in Cretaceous Alabama was ''Bothremys'', which may have fed on ancient snails.〔 Areas of Alabama not covered by seawater were home to subtropical forests.〔 Armored and duckbilled dinosaurs inhabited the state, as did tyrannosauroids. The local dinosaurs also left behind eggs to fossilize.〔 During most of the Tertiary period of the Cenozoic southern Alabama was covered by the sea. The rest of the state was a coastal plain covered by subtropical forests.〔 Paleocene life in Alabama included pelecypods.〔 Eocene life included echinoids, gastropods, solitary corals, and sharks.〔 ''Basilosaurus'' "ruled the seas" of Tertiary Alabama.〔 The Early Tertiary Claiborne Group is well known for preserving silicified ''Ostrea'' oysters.〔 Claiborne Group outcrops in the state also preserve fossil flowers and pollen.〔 Oligocene life included discoid foraminiferans.〔 By the Pleistocene the local climate had cooled significantly. Although this was the time of the Ice Age, Alabama was too far south to have glaciers within its own boundaries. The northern half of the state was covered in spruce forests. The southern part of the state included grasslands and forests with a greater variety of trees than those of northern Alabama. Local wildlife included mammoths, mastodons, and giant ground sloths.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Paleontology in Alabama」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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